atDNA H.Q. Merriweather "El Quqo"

(5-6 generations back; circa 1900)

 % REGIONS

39.6 European

Sardinia (20) , Sicily / Cyprus / Malta (12.3)
Norway / Iceland (7.3)

37.7 Afro-Asiatic

East Africa (22.4) / Southwest Asia (04.3) /
South Asia; Southern India / Sri Lanka (02.2) /
Ibadan, Nigeria; Green Sahara, Africa (08.8)

22.7 Native American

Amazon (13.4) / Yucatán Caribbean (9.1)
        U.S.A. (00.2)

* are ancient matches

"y-Hg" is the direct paternal line (main paternal)
"mt-Hg" is the direct maternal line (main maternal)
"at-Hg" is an autosomnal haplogroup (all the rest)

100%

____

 % POPULATIONS

39.6 European

32.3 Mediterranean Sea

20.0 Sardinia

03.4     Sepharad origin
                                    via Provence, France / Monaco;
                                    Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

(Surname: "Ramos")

     >> at-Hg J-M304, 40,879 B.C.E.
     Origin: Afro-Asiatic (Red Sea & Arabia)
     (MRCA 29,579 B.C.E.)

     >> at-Hg J2-M172, 32,000 B.C.E.
     Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains,
     Caucasus region, Iranian plateau;
     Levant, Sinai "Fertile Crescent"

     >> at-Hg J2b, 26,000 B.C.E.
                                     Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains
                                      Sardinia, Greece, Iranian plateau,
                                      SW Arabia

    First Jewish-Roman War;
                                    Jerusalem, Judea; circa 70 A.C.E.

    during Roman Hispania,
                                    218 B.C.E. - 5 c. A.C.E.

             during Imperium Romanum,
                                    27 B.C.E. - 476 A.C.E.

    during Germanic Iberia,
                                    5 c. A.C.E. - 711 A.C.E.

    Seville, North Central Spain,
                                    722 A.C.E. - 1497 A.C.E.

    during Kingdom of Italy,

                                    1861 - late 19th c.

16.6 Sardegno of Nuragic origin, 19th c.

Paleolithic Era, followed by

Ozieri culture
(Neolithic Era; 3,200-2,700 B.C.E.) & later

Nuragic Civilisation

                                (Neolithic / Bronze Age; 18th c. B.C.E.)

     >> via at-Hg G-M201

                                    Origin: NE Turkey, 44,000 B.C.E. 
     develops in isolation in West Asia for
                                     tens of thousands of years;
                                     circa 9,500 B.C.E. it radiates in
                                     all directions: via Aegean seacoast
                                     at-Hg G-M201 goes southwest
                                     to the Levant, Cyprus & Crete
                                     with Cardial Ware Culture
     circa 6,200 B.C.E., at-Hg G2a2
                                     moves through NE Africa, Greece,
                                     Italy & then- by approximately
                                     5,500 B.C.E.- to the coast of
                                     Al Mahgreb & Spain / later,
                                     Portugal- via Spanish coast
     Shores of Iberia colonised,
                                     also Mediterranean- especially
                                     Corsica, Sardinia & Italian Alps.

     This migration predates R1
                                     by over two millennia.

12.0    Sicily (Southwest; Cartaginesi / Carthaginian &
                East; Phoenician Levantine, Morisco)

05.0 Morisco of Phoenician origin, 19th c.

     >> at-Hg J-M304, 40,879 B.C.E.
                                     Origin: Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)

     >> at-Hg J2-M172, 32,000 B.C.E.
    Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains,
    Caucasus region, Iranian plateau;
    Levant, Sinai "Fertile Crescent"

     >> at-Hg J2b, 26,000 B.C.E.

                                     Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains
                                     Sardinia, Greece, Iranian plateau,
                                     SW Arabia

                                     * Eastern Iberia, circa 3,000 B.C.E.
                                     Possibly traveled with J2B-M12

    * Phoenician of Hisbaal (now "Seville"),
                                     SW Iberia origin; 6th c. B.C.E.

    during Roman Hispania,
                                     218 B.C.E. - 5 c. A.C.E.

    during Imperium Romanum,
                                     27 B.C.E. - 476 A.C.E.

    during Germanic Iberia,
                                     5 c. A.C.E. - 711 A.C.E.

    Galicia, NW Spain,
                                     722 A.C.E. - 1497 A.C.E.

    >> In NW Iberia, 'Saint' &
    'James' are combined:

    (Converso Surname; "Santiago")

    during Kingdom of Spain,
                                     after 1492 A.C.E.

    during Kingdom of Sicily,
                                     19th c.

07.0    Cartaginesi of
   Moorish Muslim origin, 19th c.

  * Taifa of Valencia,

                                     1145 - 1172 A.C.E.

                                   & later Mazara, SW Sicily;

                                                827 - 1224 A.C.E.

     (Surname: "Negroni")

            >> at-Hg J-M304, 41,000 B.C.E.

                                    Origin: Socotra Island, Southern Arabia /
                                    Levant / Aegean cultures

    Ghassanid tribe (Yemeni);

                                    Oman, circa 4th c. A.C.E.

    Tariq ibn Ziyad & Zenata
                                    conquer Hispania, 711 A.C.E.

                                    (Umayyad)

    Tripolitania to Morocco
    via Damascus, Syria
                                    (Umayyad Caliphate)

    Ifriqiya (Tunisia),
    661 - 750 A.C.E.

    Burgos,

                                    Condado de Castilla,
                                    Emirate of Córdoba,
                                    827 - 1224 A.C.E.

    Enters Sicily, Arab period,
                                    827 - 1091 A.C.E.;

                                    Arab-Byzantine Wars

    (* present in Mazara after 1050 A.C.E.:
                                    Umayyad Dynasty, Al-Andalus &

    also in * Cádiz; circa 1200 A.C.E.:
                                   Almohad Dynasty, 1147 - 1212 A.C.E.)

* Morisco of Granada Muslim origin;
   Messina, East Sicily, 15th c.

  (Surname: "Rodriguez" at-Hg E1b1b1b1a1)

   >> at-Hg E-M96

                                   71,000 - 63,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa / West Asia

   >> at-Hg E-P147
   48,000 B.C.E. - 43,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa, Levant & Europe  

     >> at-Hg E-P177    38,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa       >> at-Hg E-P2
   47,400 B.C.E. - 39,700 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa

   >> at-Hg E-M215
   45,480 B.C.E. - 36,580 B.C.E.

   Origin: NE Africa / East Africa
 
       >> at-Hg E-Z827 (E1b1b1)
      22,100 B.C.E.

   Origin: North Africa (Maghreb), 
   Horn of Africa, Levant & Europe

       >> at-Hg E-L19 (E1b1b1b1)
      21,200 B.C.E.

   Origin: North Africa (Al Maghreb), 
   Horn of Africa, Levant & Europe

                                     * 7,000 B.C.E. / Origin: Proto-Berber

    >> at-Hg E-M81 (E1b1b1b)
      964 B.C.E. - 264 B.C.E.

   Origin: Northwest Africa

                                    * 964 - 264 B.C.E. / Origin: Maghreb

    >> at-Hg E-M183

      964 B.C.E. - 20 A.C.E.

   Origin: North Africa

Writers in Antiquity noted that Modern

                                North Africans differed from the previous

                                inhabitants of the region: earlier waves

                                of Levantine people arrived when Sahara

                                was grassland.  This has been confirmed

                                by genetic testing on North Africans.

Iron / bronze weapons were used in
                                North Africa by E-M81 to displace
original peoples: carriers of E-V65,

                                T-M184 & R1b-V88. Some E-M81s

                                adopted language of the prior inhabitants,
                                the Berbers.  Most, however, continued
speaking in their native tongues until
the arrival of Banu Sulaym & Banu Hilal.

Masmuda of Marrakesh, Morocco

After conquering Maghreb, Tarif al-Matghari
created Masmuda Berber kingdom of Barghawata
(after Barbate, near Cádiz in Spain).

The Sanhaja tribe, later, rebranded as Almohads
under Abu AbdAllah Muhammad Ibn Tumart 

                                conquered the Masmuda capital, Aghmat.

                                Almohads successfully overthrew the Almoravids
of Morocco by 1147 when Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi
                                (who ruled between 1147-1163 A.C.E.) conquered
                                Marrakesh & declared himself "caliph".

                                The Almohads, then, extended their power over
                                the entire Maghreb by 1159.  Al-Andalus also fell
                                & came under Almohad rule by 1172 with their
new capital at Seville.

After the Moors were expelled from Spain
                                in the late 15th c. A.C.E., certain Almohads
                                adopted the Visigothic (French) surname 
                                "Rodriguez" ('Son of Rodrigo") to avoid
                                expulsion from Aragonese lands, which
                                included Sicily.  NW Spain had higher numbers
                                of pre-Islamics & Maghrebis than Andalusia.

This E-M183 individual moved through
Palma de Mallorca in Majorca, Spain &
ultimately, spent the next 3 centuries
in Messina, East Sicily.

00.2   Cyprus Cypriot, late 18th c.

     via Rhomaniotes, 5th c. B.C.E.; Oropos, Greece
                                     & later,  Amathus, circa 7th c. A.C.E.

     via at-Hg C-M130 (RPS4Y711), 35,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Kostenki (Middle Don River) in Russia.
     Also, present in Australia.

     >> at-Hg C-V20, pre-agro Turkey, 13,000 B.C.E.

                                     * Mizrahim from Egypt, Cyprus (after 1571) 

00.1 Malta Maltese (Sepharad origin, late 18th c.)

        via Gibraltar

07.3 Nordic Europe

07.2 Norwegian; Norway

 __________________________________________________________________

Norwegian of Sepharad origin, late 18th-early 19th c. __________________________________________________________________

       >> at-Hg J-M304, 40,879 B.C.E.

        Origin: Afro-Asiatic (Red Sea & Arabia)

            MRCA 29,579 B.C.E.

         >> at-Hg J2-M172, 30,000 - 17,000 B.C.E.

        Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains,
        Caucasus region, Iranian plateau;
        Levant, Sinai "Fertile Crescent"

         >> at-Hg J2a-M410, 7,000 B.C.E.

        Origin: Dravidian Vellalar, S. India / Ceylon
southern Balkan peninsula, Crete, Cyprus
Italian peninsula, Mediterranean littoral
        

                                        Tartessian, before 8th c. B.C.E.

     * Judean of Tulaytulah (Toledo) origin

                                    (1,000 - 586 B.C.E.)

     >> Solomon's Temple razed by Nebuchadnezzar II
                                                  (Siege of Jerusalem), 587 B.C.E.

     Phoenician (Carthaginian) Iberia,
     8th c. B.C.E. - 218 B.C.E.

     Roman Hispania, 218 B.C.E. - 5 c. A.C.E.

     Germanic Iberia, 5 c. A.C.E. - 711 A.C.E.

     Muslim Al-Andalus, 711 - 722 A.C.E.

     >> In NW Iberia, 'ben' is Arabicised as 'es' as
     a surname for 'Quinio': Latin for '(group of) five';
     "Quiñones"

     Asturias, Kingdom of León, 722 - 1230 A.C.E.

     Kingdom of Castille, 1230 - 1497 A.C.E.

     Île-de-France, Monaco, Baden-Württemberg / Bavaria,
     Amsterdam, 1497 - 1800

     Virgin Islands
     (Colony of Denmark & Norway,

                                    1754 - 1814 A.C.E.)

      __________________________________________________________________

Norwegian of Scandinavian origin, late 18th-early 19th c. __________________________________________________________________

(Surname: "Troche")

         (at-Hg I-M170)

     between 33,000 & 29,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Norway, Scandinavia

     Virgin Islands

                                     (Colony of Denmark & Norway,

     1754 - 1814 A.C.E.)

00.1 Icelandic; Iceland

__________________________________________________________________

Norwegian of Scandinavian origin, late 18th-early 19th c. __________________________________________________________________

(Surname: "Troche")

         (at-Hg I-M170)

     between 33,000 & 29,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Norway, Scandinavia

     Virgin Islands

                                     (Colony of Denmark & Norway,

     1754 - 1814 A.C.E.)

37.7 Afro-Asiatic

22.4 Cushitic Africa

20.3 Oromo / Afar; East Africa

05.0    Gurage Oromo

         (Cushitic-origin, Semitic language speakers, 19th c.)

         via Axum, circa 960 A.C.E.

(Y-Hg T1a1a* - L208)

     >> Y-Hg T-M184, 38,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Mesopotamia (Cush) /
     Himalaya Mountains

                                     >> Y-Hg T1-L206, 26,800 B.C.E.

     Origin: "Fertile Crescent", Asia / Africa

     >> Y-Hg T1a-M70, 12,200 - 9,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Sinai, Egypt / Oman /
     Tanzania / Ethiopia / Sahelian Fulbe

     (Surname: "Sodoo"; Y-Hg T1a1a*, 12,000 B.C.E.)

15.3    Arsii Oromo & Qafar (Cushitic-origin,
     Cushitic language speakers, late 19th c.)
     via Upper Kmt, between circa 100-960 A.C.E.

     (at-Hgs E1b1b & R-V88 / y-Hg T1a1a*)

     (at-Hg E1b1b)

    >> at-Hg E-M96, 71,000 - 63,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa / West Asia

    >> at-Hg E-P147     48,000 B.C.E. - 43,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa, Levant & Europe      >> at-Hg E-P177    38,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa       >> at-Hg E-P2

   47,400 B.C.E. - 39,700 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa

     >> at-Hg E-M215

   45,480 B.C.E. - 36,580 B.C.E.

     Origin: NE Africa / East Africa

     (Y-Hg T1a1a*)

     >> Y-Hg T-M184, 38,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Mesopotamia (Cush) /
                                     Himalaya Region

      (at-Hg R-V88)

     >> at-Hg R-M207, 30,000 B.C.E.

     >> Y-Hg T1-L206, 26,800 B.C.E.

     Origin: "Fertile Crescent", Asia / Africa

     >> at-Hg E-V68 (E1b1b1a; L539), 22,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Libya / Upper Egypt / North Sudan

     >> at-Hg E-M78 (E1b1b1a1)

     Origin: NE Africa (Gurna Oasis),

     East Africa (Borana), West Asia,

     Morocco, Mediterranean

     >> at-Hg R1b-M343, 16,900 B.C.E.

                                    Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                     Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1-L278, 16,900 B.C.E.

                                     Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1a-L754, 16,900 - 15,100 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                       Russia, Central Africa

     >> Y-Hg T1a-M70, 12,200-9,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Sinai, Egypt / Oman /

     Tanzania / Ethiopia / Sahelian Fulbe

     (Y-Hg T1a1a*, 12,000 B.C.E.)

     >> at-hg R1b1a2-V88, 8,500 B.C.E. - 5,500 B.C.E.

     Origin: Sardinia (Nuragic) / Black Sea / Middle East /

     Nile Valley (Afro-Asiatic: Eastern Chadic)

     A-Group culture (3,700 - 2,800 B.C.E.)

     C-Group culture (2,300 - 1,600 B.C.E.)

     Kerma culture (2,500 - 1,500 B.C.E.)

     Nubian contemporaries, New Kingdom

     (1,550 - 1,069 B.C.E.)

     25th Dynasty of Kmt (1,000 - 653 B.C.E.)

     Napata (1,000 - 275 B.C.E.)

     Meroë, Southern Cush

     (275 B.C.E. - 300 / 350 A.C.E.)

     Makuria (340 - 1317 A.C.E.)

     Nobatia (350 - 650 A.C.E.)

     Alodia (circa 600s - 1504 A.C.E.)

02.1 Nubian; Upper Nile Valley

(Northeastern African origin, 16th-late 18th c.)

     (at-Hgs E1b1b & R-V88 /  y-Hg T1a1a*)

     (at-Hg E1b1b)

      >> at-Hg E-M96, 71,000 - 63,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa / West Asia

    >> at-Hg E-P147     48,000 B.C.E. - 43,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa, Levant & Europe      >> at-Hg E-P177    38,000 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa       >> at-Hg E-P2

   47,400 B.C.E. - 39,700 B.C.E.

   Origin: East Africa

     >> at-Hg E-M215

   45,480 B.C.E. - 36,580 B.C.E.

   Origin: NE Africa / East Africa

     (Y-Hg T1a1a*)

     >> Y-Hg T-M184, 38,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Mesopotamia (Cush) /
                                     Himalaya Mountains

      (at-Hg R-V88)

     >> at-Hg R-M207, 30,000 B.C.E.

     >> Y-Hg T1-L206, 26,800 B.C.E.

     Origin: "Fertile Crescent", Asia / Africa

     >> at-Hg E-V68 (E1b1b1a; L539), 22,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Upper Egypt / North Sudan

     >> at-Hg E-M78 (E1b1b1a1)

     Origin: NE Africa (Gurna Oasis),

     East Africa (Borana), West Asia,

     Morocco, Mediterranean

     >> at-Hg R1b-M343, 16,900 B.C.E.

                                     Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                     Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1-L278, 16,900 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1a-L754, 16,900 - 15,100 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> Y-Hg T1a-M70, 12,200-9,000 B.C.E.

     Origin: Sinai, Egypt / Oman /

     Tanzania / Ethiopia / Sahelian Fulbe

     (Y-Hg T1a1a*, 12,000 B.C.E.)

     >> at-hg R1b1a2-V88, 8,500 B.C.E. - 5,500 B.C.E.

     Origin: Sardinia (Nuragic) / Black Sea / Middle East /

     Nile Valley (Afro-Asiatic: Eastern Chadic)

     A-Group culture (3,700 - 2,800 B.C.E.)

     C-Group culture (2,300 - 1,600 B.C.E.)

     Kerma culture (2,500 - 1,500 B.C.E.)

     Nubian contemporaries, New Kingdom

     (1,550 - 1,069 B.C.E.)

     25th Dynasty of Kmt (1,000 - 653 B.C.E.)

     Napata (1,000 - 275 B.C.E.)

     Meroë, Southern Cush

     (275 B.C.E. - 300 / 350 A.C.E.)

     Makuria (340 - 1317 A.C.E.)

     Nobatia (350 - 650 A.C.E.)

     Alodia (circa 600s - 1504 A.C.E.)

02.2 Cushitic India

02.2 Dravidian Tamil from Thanjavur-

     Mysore, British Raj / British Ceylon origin, 19th c.

     >> at-Hg J-M304, 40,879 B.C.E.

     Origin: Afro-Asiatic (Red Sea - Arabia)

     (MRCA 29,579 B.C.E.)

     >> at-Hg J2-M172, 30,000 - 17,000 B.C.E.

    Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains,

    Caucasus region, Iranian plateau;

    Levant, Sinai "Fertile Crescent"

    >> at-Hg J2a-M410, 7,000 B.C.E.

    Origin: Dravidian Vellalar, S. India / Ceylon

    southern Balkan peninsula, Crete, Cyprus

    Italian peninsula, Mediterranean littoral

08.8 Green Sahara, Africa: Ibadan, Nigeria, early 19th c.

07.7 Yoruba; Ibadan, Nigeria (West Africa), 19th c.

(at-Hg R-V88)

     >> at-Hg R-M207, 25,000 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Central / South Asia

     >> at-Hg R1b-M343, 16,900 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1-L278, 16,900 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1a-L754, 16,900 - 15,100 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1a2-V88, 8,500 B.C.E. - 5,500 B.C.E.

    Origin: Sardinia (Nuragic) / Black Sea / Middle East /

    Nile Valley (Afro-Asiatic: West Chadic)

00.5 Esan; Nigeria (West Africa), 19th c.

00.4 Mandenka; Senegal (West Africa), 18th c.

00.1 Mende / Akan; Sierra Leone (West Africa), 18th c.

00.1 Saharawi; Morocco (Western Sahara), 17th c.

04.3 Semitic Asia

02 Ashkenazim Jew; Israel, 19th c.

     >> at-Hg R-M207, 25,000 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Central / South Asia

     >> at-Hg R1b-M343, 16,900 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1-L278, 16,900 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1a-L754, 16,900 - 15,100 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Asia, Northern Italy,

                                      Russia, Central Africa

     >> at-Hg R1b1a1-L389, 15,000 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Europe

>> at-Hg R1b1a1a-P297, 14,800 B.C.E.

                                      Origin: Western Europe

>> at-Hg R1b1a1a2-M269, 13,300 B.C.E.

* Origin: Southern France, Monaco

           (Kingdom of Arles, 933  A.C.E. – 1378 A.C.E.)

           

            "Norman Roman Templar" gene

             1119 A.C.E. – 1312 A.C.E.

00.3 Arab-Israeli, 19th c.

00.2 Druze; Carmel, Israel, 19th c.

     >> at-Hg J-M304, 40,879 B.C.E.

     Origin: Afro-Asiatic (Red Sea - Arabia)

    (MRCA 29,579 B.C.E.)

     >> at-Hg J2-M172, 30,000 - 17,000 B.C.E.

    Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains,

    Caucasus region, Iranian plateau;

    Levant, Sinai "Fertile Crescent"

    >> at-Hg J2a-M410, 7,000 B.C.E.

    Origin: Dravidian Vellalar, S. India / Ceylon

    southern Balkan peninsula, Crete, Cyprus

    Italian peninsula, Mediterranean littoral

                (MRCA 29,579 B.C.E.)

    * Druze from Levant / NE Africa

    (circa 5300-4000 B.C.E.)

00.1 Bedouin; Negev, Israel, 19th c.

     >> at-Hg J-M304, 40,879 B.C.E.

    Origin: Afro-Asiatic (Red Sea - Arabia)

                (MRCA 29,579 B.C.E.)

     >> at-Hg J2-M172, 30,000 - 17,000 B.C.E. 

    Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains,

    Caucasus region, Iranian plateau;

    Levant, Sinai "Fertile Crescent"

     >> at-Hg J2a-M410, 7,000 B.C.E. 

    Origin: Dravidian Vellalar, S. India / Ceylon

    southern Balkan peninsula, Crete, Cyprus

    Italian peninsula, Mediterranean littoral

02 Southern Arabian, 19th c.

01.5 Oman, 19th c.

    

     

                                    >> at-Hg J-M304, 40,879 B.C.E. 

    Origin: Afro-Asiatic (Red Sea - Arabia)

                (MRCA 29,579 B.C.E.)

     >> at-Hg J2-M172, 30,000 - 17,000 B.C.E. 

    Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains,

    Caucasus region, Iranian plateau;

    Levant, Sinai "Fertile Crescent"

     >> at-Hg J2b-M102, 8,205 - 7,756 B.C.E. 

    Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains

    Sardinia, Greece, Iranian plateau,

    SE Arabia

00.5 Yemen, 19th c.

   

     >> at-Hg J-M304, 40,879 B.C.E. 

    Origin: Afro-Asiatic (Red Sea - Arabia)

                (MRCA 29,579 B.C.E.)

     >> at-Hg J2-M172, 30,000 - 17,000 B.C.E. 

    Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains,

    Caucasus region, Iranian plateau;

    Levant, Sinai "Fertile Crescent"

     >> at-Hg J2b-M102, 8,205 - 7,756 B.C.E. 

    Origin: Taurus-Zagros Mountains

                                    Sardinia, Greece, Iranian plateau,

                                    SW Arabia

22.7 Native American

13.4 Amazonian

07.6 Kalinago (Kalifuna) of Galibi, Suriname origin;

    * present circa 1200 A.C.E.

(mtDNA C1b4: / Origin: Wayuu, Kalinago;

NW South America, 600 B.C.E.)

during Viceroyalty of New Spain

(1521 - 1897), 19th c.

mtDNA C1 (40,000 B.C.E. - 20,500 B.C.E.)

>> Tiwanaku (Bolivia)

>> Amazonian Kichwa (Shillipanu speakers),

   Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

>> Arara (Laranjal, Brasil)

>> Yanomama (Brasil)

>> Waiwai (Brasil)

>> Zoro (Brasil)

>> Warao (Orinoco Basin & NE South America)

>> Aymara (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Atacameno (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Huilliche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Kawesqar (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Teheulche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Yamana (Chile & Argentina, South America)

mtDNA C1b (22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

Beringia Founder Haplogroup: mtDNA C1b

(22,600 B.C.E.)

* Samish, Guemes & Fidalgo Islands,

  Vancouver Island & British Columbia

* Central Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* Upward Sun River, Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* 16 contemporary Wintu tribal survivors

  (Sacramento Valley, U.S.A.)

* Northern Paiute

  (25% Eastern California, Western Nevada,

   SE Oregon, U.S.A.)

* "Spirit Cave" mummy,

  Nevada U.S.A.

  (circa 9,500 B.C.E.)

* Zuñi (36% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

* Apache (25% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

>> Waunana (26% Colombia / Panama)

>> Embera (3% Colombia / Panama)

>> Ngäbe (22% Panama / Costa Rica)

>> Wayuu (14% Wayuu peninsula, Colombia)

* Gran Chaco, Argentina

>> Catamarca (32% Argentina)

>> Salta (11%, Argentina)

Caral-Supe, Lima region, Peru

(2,600 B.C.E. - 2,000 B.C.E.)

*  Copán Maya:

 

Early Pre-Classic

(2,000 B.C.E. - 1,000 B.C.E.)

Middle Pre-Classic

(1,000 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E.)

Late Pre-Classic

(400 B.C.E. - 100 A.C.E.)

* Quitu-Cara (Ecuador)

  (580 B.C.E. - 980 A.C.E.)

* Lima culture;

  Huaca Pucllana, Peru

  (100 A.C.E. - 600 A.C.E.)

Wari Civilisation;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(6th c. A.C.E. - 11th c. A.C.E.)

Tiwanaku State;

Western Bolivia / Peru / Chile

(300 A.C.E. - 1100 A.C.E.)

* Pima, 965 A.C.E. (Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

Chancay Civilisation,

Pasamayo, Peru

(1000 A.C.E. - 1470 A.C.E.)

Ichma Kingdom;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(1100 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

Kingdom of Qosqo

(1197 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

04.6 Karitiana, Brasil, 18th c.

(mtDNA C1b: / Origin: Oasisamerica, 22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

mtDNA C1 (40,000 B.C.E. - 20,500 B.C.E.)

>> Tiwanaku (Bolivia)

>> Amazonian Kichwa (Shillipanu speakers),

   Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

>> Arara (Laranjal, Brasil)

>> Yanomama (Brasil)

>> Waiwai (Brasil)

>> Zoro (Brasil)

>> Warao (Orinoco Basin & NE South America)

>> Aymara (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Atacameno (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Huilliche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Kawesqar (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Teheulche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Yamana (Chile & Argentina, South America)

mtDNA C1b (22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

Beringia Founder Haplogroup: mtDNA C1b

(22,600 B.C.E.)

* Samish, Guemes & Fidalgo Islands,

  Vancouver Island & British Columbia

* Central Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* Upward Sun River, Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* 16 contemporary Wintu tribal survivors

  (Sacramento Valley, U.S.A.)

* Northern Paiute

  (25% Eastern California, Western Nevada,

   SE Oregon, U.S.A.)

* "Spirit Cave" mummy,

  Nevada U.S.A.

  (circa 9,500 B.C.E.)

* Zuñi (36% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

* Apache (25% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

>> Waunana (26% Colombia / Panama)

>> Embera (3% Colombia / Panama)

>> Ngäbe (22% Panama / Costa Rica)

>> Wayuu (14% Wayuu peninsula, Colombia)

* Gran Chaco, Argentina

>> Catamarca (32% Argentina)

>> Salta (11%, Argentina)

Caral-Supe, Lima region, Peru

(2,600 B.C.E. - 2,000 B.C.E.)

*  Copán Maya:

Early Pre-Classic

(2,000 B.C.E. - 1,000 B.C.E.)

Middle Pre-Classic

(1,000 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E.)

Late Pre-Classic

(400 B.C.E. - 100 A.C.E.)

* Quitu-Cara (Ecuador)

  (580 B.C.E. - 980 A.C.E.)

* Lima culture;

  Huaca Pucllana, Peru

  (100 A.C.E. - 600 A.C.E.)

Wari Civilisation;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(6th c. A.C.E. - 11th c. A.C.E.)

Tiwanaku State;

Western Bolivia / Peru / Chile

(300 A.C.E. - 1100 A.C.E.)

* Pima, 965 A.C.E. (Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

Chancay Civilisation,

Pasamayo, Peru

(1000 A.C.E. - 1470 A.C.E.)

Ichma Kingdom;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(1100 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

Kingdom of Qosqo

(1197 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

* Kayambi, Mount Cayambe;

  Pichincha, Ecuador

  (circa 1520)

>> Amazonian Quijo & Kichwa are

    now Kichwa speakers in Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

Inca Empire; Pueblo Viejo, Peru

(1438 A.C.E. - 1572 A.C.E.)

* Inca mummies, Mount Llullaillaco,

  Chile / Argentina (circa 1500 A.C.E.)

* Chullpa;

  Botigiriayocc, Peru

  (circa between 1450 A.C.E. - 1500 A.C.E.)

* Cueva Candelaria, Mexico

  archaeological remains site

  (circa between 1200 A.C.E. - 1500 A.C.E.)

>> Puruha of Mount Chimborazo

  (Chimborazo Province, Ecuador)

* Quito (Ecuador)

* Mount Pichincha (Sierra region, Ecuador)

* Machachi (Pichincha, Ecuador)

* Cotopaxi (Pichincha / Cotopaxi, Ecuador)

* Salcedo (Cotopaxi, Ecuador)

* Azuay (Azuay Province, Ecuador)

* Guamote (Chimborazo Province, Ecuador)

* Cuenca (Ecuador)

* Loja (Ecuador)

mtDNA C1b4 (c. 600 B.C.E.)

Wayuu, Kalinago; NW South America, 600 B.C.E.

    during Fort Willoughbyland,

    Colony of England (1650 - 1666)

    during Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo);

    Colony Dutch Republic (1667 - 1795),

    during Batavian Republic (1795 - 1806),

    during  Kingdom of Holland (1806 - 1810) /

    during First French Empire (1806 - 1815) & later

    during Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815 - 1954)

    during Viceroyalty of New Spain

                (1521 - 1897), 19th c.

01.1 Surui, Brasil, 18th c.

(mtDNA C1b: / Origin: Oasisamerica 22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

mtDNA C1 (40,000 B.C.E. - 20,500 B.C.E.)

>> Tiwanaku (Bolivia)

>> Amazonian Kichwa (Shillipanu speakers),

   Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

>> Arara (Laranjal, Brasil)

>> Yanomama (Brasil)

>> Waiwai (Brasil)

>> Zoro (Brasil)

>> Warao (Orinoco Basin & NE South America)

>> Aymara (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Atacameno (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Huilliche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Kawesqar (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Teheulche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Yamana (Chile & Argentina, South America)

mtDNA C1b (22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

Beringia Founder Haplogroup: mtDNA C1b

(40,000 B.C.E.)

* Samish, Guemes & Fidalgo Islands,

  Vancouver Island & British Columbia

* Central Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* Upward Sun River, Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* 16 contemporary Wintu tribal survivors

  (Sacramento Valley, U.S.A.)

* Northern Paiute

  (25% Eastern California, Western Nevada,

   SE Oregon, U.S.A.)

* "Spirit Cave" mummy,

  Nevada U.S.A.

  (circa 9,500 B.C.E.)

* Zuñi (36% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

* Apache (25% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

>> Waunana (26% Colombia / Panama)

>> Embera (3% Colombia / Panama)

>> Ngäbe (22% Panama / Costa Rica)

>> Wayuu (14% Wayuu peninsula, Colombia)

* Gran Chaco, Argentina

>> Catamarca (32% Argentina)

>> Salta (11%, Argentina)

Caral-Supe, Lima region, Peru

(2,600 B.C.E. - 2,000 B.C.E.)

*  Copán Maya:

Early Pre-Classic

(2,000 B.C.E. - 1,000 B.C.E.)

Middle Pre-Classic

(1,000 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E.)

Late Pre-Classic

(400 B.C.E. - 100 A.C.E.)

* Quitu-Cara (Ecuador)

  (580 B.C.E. - 980 A.C.E.)

* Lima culture;

  Huaca Pucllana, Peru

  (100 A.C.E. - 600 A.C.E.)

Wari Civilisation;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(6th c. A.C.E. - 11th c. A.C.E.)

Tiwanaku State;

Western Bolivia / Peru / Chile

(300 A.C.E. - 1100 A.C.E.)

* Pima, 965 A.C.E. (Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

Chancay Civilisation,

Pasamayo, Peru

(1000 A.C.E. - 1470 A.C.E.)

Ichma Kingdom;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(1100 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

Kingdom of Qosqo

(1197 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

* Kayambi, Mount Cayambe;

  Pichincha, Ecuador

  (circa 1520)

>> Amazonian Quijo & Kichwa are

    now Kichwa speakers in Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

Inca Empire; Pueblo Viejo, Peru

(1438 A.C.E. - 1572 A.C.E.)

* Inca mummies, Mount Llullaillaco,

  Chile / Argentina (circa 1500 A.C.E.)

* Chullpa;

  Botigiriayocc, Peru

  (circa between 1450 A.C.E. - 1500 A.C.E.)

* Cueva Candelaria, Mexico

  archaeological remains site

  (circa between 1200 A.C.E. - 1500 A.C.E.)

>> Puruha of Mount Chimborazo

  (Chimborazo Province, Ecuador)

* Quito (Ecuador)

* Mount Pichincha (Sierra region, Ecuador)

* Machachi (Pichincha, Ecuador)

* Cotopaxi (Pichincha / Cotopaxi, Ecuador)

* Salcedo (Cotopaxi, Ecuador)

* Azuay (Azuay Province, Ecuador)

* Guamote (Chimborazo Province, Ecuador)

* Cuenca (Ecuador)

* Loja (Ecuador)

    during Fort Willoughbyland,

    Colony of England (1650 - 1666)

    during Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo);

    Colony Dutch Republic (1667 - 1795),

    during Batavian Republic (1795 - 1806),

    during Kingdom of Holland (1806 - 1810) /

    during First French Empire (1806 - 1815) & later

    during Viceroyalty of New Spain

                (1521 - 1897), 19th c.

00.1 Piapoco (Colombia), 18th c.

La Paz, Pando & Cochabamba (Bolivia), 18th c.

(mtDNA C1b: / Origin: Oasisamerica 22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

mtDNA C1 (40,000 B.C.E. - 20,500 B.C.E.)

>> Tiwanaku (Bolivia)

>> Amazonian Kichwa (Shillipanu speakers),

   Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

>> Arara (Laranjal, Brasil)

>> Yanomama (Brasil)

>> Waiwai (Brasil)

>> Zoro (Brasil)

>> Warao (Orinoco Basin & NE South America)

>> Aymara (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Atacameno (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Huilliche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Kawesqar (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Teheulche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Yamana (Chile & Argentina, South America)

mtDNA C1b (22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

Beringia Founder Haplogroup: mtDNA C1b

(22,600 B.C.E.)

* Samish, Guemes & Fidalgo Islands,

  Vancouver Island & British Columbia

* Central Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* Upward Sun River, Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* 16 contemporary Wintu tribal survivors

  (Sacramento Valley, U.S.A.)

* Northern Paiute

  (25% Eastern California, Western Nevada,

   SE Oregon, U.S.A.)

* "Spirit Cave" mummy,

  Nevada U.S.A.

  (circa 9,500 B.C.E.)

* Zuñi (36% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

* Apache (25% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

>> Waunana (26% Colombia / Panama)

>> Embera (3% Colombia / Panama)

>> Ngäbe (22% Panama / Costa Rica)

>> Wayuu (14% Wayuu peninsula, Colombia)

* Gran Chaco, Argentina

>> Catamarca (32% Argentina)

>> Salta (11%, Argentina)

Caral-Supe, Lima region, Peru

(2,600 B.C.E. - 2,000 B.C.E.)

*  Copán Maya:

Early Pre-Classic

(2,000 B.C.E. - 1,000 B.C.E.)

Middle Pre-Classic

(1,000 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E.)

Late Pre-Classic

(400 B.C.E. - 100 A.C.E.)

* Quitu-Cara (Ecuador)

  (580 B.C.E. - 980 A.C.E.)

* Lima culture;

  Huaca Pucllana, Peru

  (100 A.C.E. - 600 A.C.E.)

Wari Civilisation;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(6th c. A.C.E. - 11th c. A.C.E.)

Tiwanaku State;

Western Bolivia / Peru / Chile

(300 A.C.E. - 1100 A.C.E.)

* Pima, 965 A.C.E. (Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

Chancay Civilisation,

Pasamayo, Peru

(1000 A.C.E. - 1470 A.C.E.)

Ichma Kingdom;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(1100 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

Kingdom of Qosqo

(1197 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

* Kayambi, Mount Cayambe;

  Pichincha, Ecuador

  (circa 1520)

>> Amazonian Quijo & Kichwa are

    now Kichwa speakers in Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

Inca Empire; Pueblo Viejo, Peru

(1438 A.C.E. - 1572 A.C.E.)

* Inca mummies, Mount Llullaillaco,

  Chile / Argentina (circa 1500 A.C.E.)

* Chullpa;

  Botigiriayocc, Peru

  (circa between 1450 A.C.E. - 1500 A.C.E.)

* Cueva Candelaria, Mexico

  archaeological remains site

  (circa between 1200 A.C.E. - 1500 A.C.E.)

>> Puruha of Mount Chimborazo

  (Chimborazo Province, Ecuador)

* Quito (Ecuador)

* Mount Pichincha (Sierra region, Ecuador)

* Machachi (Pichincha, Ecuador)

* Cotopaxi (Pichincha / Cotopaxi, Ecuador)

* Salcedo (Cotopaxi, Ecuador)

* Azuay (Azuay Province, Ecuador)

* Guamote (Chimborazo Province, Ecuador)

* Cuenca (Ecuador)

* Loja (Ecuador)

    during Fort Willoughbyland,

    Colony of England (1650 - 1666)

    during Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo);

    Colony Dutch Republic (1667 - 1795),

    during Batavian Republic (1795 - 1806),

    during Kingdom of Holland (1806 - 1810) /

    First French Empire (1806 - 1815) & later

    during Viceroyalty of New Spain

                (1521 - 1897), 19th c.

09.1 Yucatán & S.W. Mexico/Guatemala/Belize/Honduras

09 Maya of Caribbean Yucatán origin;

    Mayan; Mérida, Yucatán (Ti'ho); * present circa 1200 A.C.E.

     during Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521 - 1897), 19th c.

(mtDNA C1b: / Origin: Oasisamerica (22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

mtDNA C1 (40,000 B.C.E. - 20,500 B.C.E.)

>> Tiwanaku (Bolivia)

>> Amazonian Kichwa (Shillipanu speakers),

   Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

>> Arara (Laranjal, Brasil)

>> Yanomama (Brasil)

>> Waiwai (Brasil)

>> Zoro (Brasil)

>> Warao (Orinoco Basin & NE South America)

>> Aymara (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Atacameno (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Huilliche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Kawesqar (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Teheulche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Yamana (Chile & Argentina, South America)

mtDNA C1b (22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

Beringia Founder Haplogroup: mtDNA C1b

(22,600 B.C.E.)

* Samish, Guemes & Fidalgo Islands,

  Vancouver Island & British Columbia

* Central Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* Upward Sun River, Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* 16 contemporary Wintu tribal survivors

  (Sacramento Valley, U.S.A.)

* Northern Paiute

  (25% Eastern California, Western Nevada,

   SE Oregon, U.S.A.)

* "Spirit Cave" mummy,

  Nevada U.S.A.

  (circa 9,500 B.C.E.)

* Zuñi (36% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

* Apache (25% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

>> Waunana (26% Colombia / Panama)

>> Embera (3% Colombia / Panama)

>> Ngäbe (22% Panama / Costa Rica)

>> Wayuu (14% Wayuu peninsula, Colombia)

* Gran Chaco, Argentina

>> Catamarca (32% Argentina)

>> Salta (11%, Argentina)

Caral-Supe, Lima region, Peru

(2,600 B.C.E. - 2,000 B.C.E.)

*  Copán Maya:

Early Pre-Classic

(2,000 B.C.E. - 1,000 B.C.E.)

Middle Pre-Classic

(1,000 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E.)

Late Pre-Classic

(400 B.C.E. - 100 A.C.E.)

* Quitu-Cara (Ecuador)

  (580 B.C.E. - 980 A.C.E.)

* Lima culture;

  Huaca Pucllana, Peru

  (100 A.C.E. - 600 A.C.E.)

Wari Civilisation;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(6th c. A.C.E. - 11th c. A.C.E.)

Tiwanaku State;

Western Bolivia / Peru / Chile

(300 A.C.E. - 1100 A.C.E.)

* Pima, 965 A.C.E. (Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

Chancay Civilisation,

Pasamayo, Peru

(1000 A.C.E. - 1470 A.C.E.)

Ichma Kingdom;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(1100 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

Kingdom of Qosqo

(1197 A.C.E. - 1438 A.C.E.)

* Kayambi, Mount Cayambe;

  Pichincha, Ecuador

  (circa 1520)

>> Amazonian Quijo & Kichwa are

    now Kichwa speakers in Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

Inca Empire; Pueblo Viejo, Peru

(1438 A.C.E. - 1572 A.C.E.)

* Inca mummies, Mount Llullaillaco,

  Chile / Argentina (circa 1500 A.C.E.)

* Chullpa;

  Botigiriayocc, Peru

  (circa between 1450 A.C.E. - 1500 A.C.E.)

* Cueva Candelaria, Mexico

  archaeological remains site

  (circa between 1200 A.C.E. - 1500 A.C.E.)

00.1 Mixe, Mixtec & Zapotec of Oaxaca origin,

    * SW Mexico; circa 1545 A.C.E.

    during Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521 - 1897), 19th c.

(mtDNA C1b: / Origin: Oasisamerica 22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

00.2 U.S.A.

00.2 Pima (Arizona), circa 965 A.C.E.

     * present during Pueblo II Period, 900 - 1150 A.C.E.

(mtDNA C1b: / Origin: Oasisamerica 22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

mtDNA C1 (40,000 B.C.E. - 20,500 B.C.E.)

>> Tiwanaku (Bolivia)

>> Amazonian Kichwa (Shillipanu speakers),

   Peru / Ecuador / Bolivia

   (encountered by Inca, early 15th c. A.C.E.)

>> Arara (Laranjal, Brasil)

>> Yanomama (Brasil)

>> Waiwai (Brasil)

>> Zoro (Brasil)

>> Warao (Orinoco Basin & NE South America)

>> Aymara (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Atacameno (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Huilliche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Kawesqar (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Mapuche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Teheulche (Chile & Argentina, South America)

>> Yamana (Chile & Argentina, South America)

mtDNA C1b (22,600 B.C.E. - 18,100 B.C.E.)

Beringia Founder Haplogroup: mtDNA C1b

(22,600 B.C.E.)

* Samish, Guemes & Fidalgo Islands,

  Vancouver Island & British Columbia

* Central Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* Upward Sun River, Alaska

  (9,500 B.C.E.)

* 16 contemporary Wintu tribal survivors

  (Sacramento Valley, U.S.A.)

* Northern Paiute

  (25% Eastern California, Western Nevada,

   SE Oregon, U.S.A.)

* "Spirit Cave" mummy,

  Nevada U.S.A.

  (circa 9,500 B.C.E.)

* Zuñi (36% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

* Apache (25% Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)

>> Waunana (26% Colombia / Panama)

>> Embera (3% Colombia / Panama)

>> Ngäbe (22% Panama / Costa Rica)

>> Wayuu (14% Wayuu peninsula, Colombia)

* Gran Chaco, Argentina

>> Catamarca (32% Argentina)

>> Salta (11%, Argentina)

Caral-Supe, Lima region, Peru

(2,600 B.C.E. - 2,000 B.C.E.)

*  Copán Maya:

Early Pre-Classic

(2,000 B.C.E. - 1,000 B.C.E.)

Middle Pre-Classic

(1,000 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E.)

Late Pre-Classic

(400 B.C.E. - 100 A.C.E.)

* Quitu-Cara (Ecuador)

  (580 B.C.E. - 980 A.C.E.)

* Lima culture;

  Huaca Pucllana, Peru

  (100 A.C.E. - 600 A.C.E.)

Wari Civilisation;

Huaca Pucllana, Peru

(6th c. A.C.E. - 11th c. A.C.E.)

Tiwanaku State;

Western Bolivia / Peru / Chile

(300 A.C.E. - 1100 A.C.E.)

* Pima, 965 A.C.E. (Oasisamerica, U.S.A.)